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The impact of distance on Mk-19 round penetration is significant, primarily because as the range increases, the kinetic energy of the projectile diminishes due to factors such as air resistance and drag. This decrease in energy affects the round's ability to penetrate targets effectively.

At close ranges, the Mk-19 round maintains higher velocity and energy, resulting in optimal penetration capabilities against armored or fortified targets. However, as the distance increases, the rounds encounter atmospheric conditions and loss of velocity, which reduces their penetrating power. This reduction can impact both high-explosive and armor-piercing ammunition, though the specifics can vary based on the type of target and ammunition used.

Understanding this principle is essential for effective usage of the Mk-19 in various combat scenarios, emphasizing the importance of adjusting tactics based on distance to ensure penetration effectiveness.